The intenet and standards
The Internet is a network, worldwide publicly accessible at first, the Internet used strictly for scientific research, education, and militer.Pada 1991, the rules changed to allow companies and consumers to connect juga.Internet has grown rapidly, and now global . continues to develop new technology that makes the Internet easier and more attractive for online digunakan.Aplikasi available to Internet users, including email, web browsing, streaming music and video, games, and instant messaging.
The way people interact, share information, and even do business changed to keep up with the continuous evolution of the global network. The Internet is creating a wider audience and customer base for whatever message, product, or service can be delivered. For many businesses, having access to the Internet has become essential, not only for communication, but also for day-to-day operations. Some businesses use the Internet include:
-E-Commerce
-Communication
-Collaboration and Training
With the increasing number of devices and new technologies come online, how is it possible to manage all the changes and still reliably deliver services such as email? Answer is the Internet standard.
A standard is a set of rules that determine how things should be done. Network and Internet standards ensure that all devices connected to the network using the same rules. Using the standard, it is possible for different types of devices to transmit information to each other via the Internet. For example, the way in which the email is formatted, transmitted, and received by all devices in accordance with the standard. If someone sends you an email with a personal computer, other people could use mobile phones to receive and read email using the phone as long as the same standard personal computer.
An Internet standard is the end result of a comprehensive cycle of discussion, problem solving, and testing. When a proposed new standard, each stage of the development process and the approval noted in the Request for Comments numbered (RFC) documents that trace the evolution of the standard.
There are thousands of Internet standards that help define the rules for how devices communicate on-jaringan.Standar different standards are developed, published, and maintained by different organizations. Because organizations create and maintain standards, millions of people can connect to the Internet using a variety of devices, including personal computers, cellular phones, handheld personal digital assistants (PDAs), MP3 players, and even television.
Internet and ISP service
Regardless of the type of device that an individual or business is used to connect to the Internet, the device must be connected via the internet service provider (ISP). ISP is a company or organization in which a customer gain internet access. A customer can be a business, private consumers, government agencies, or even another ISP.
In addition to offering a connection to the Internet, the ISP can offer other services to customers, including:
-Equipment co-location
Web-hosting
-FTP
-Applications and media hosting
-Voice over IP
-Technical Support
-Point of Presence (POP)
Delivering Internet service to end users
To gain access to the Internet, it is first necessary to have a connection to ISP.ISP offers a variety of connection options. The main connection method used by home and small business users are:
Dialup access
Dialup access is an inexpensive option that uses any phone line and modem. To connect to the ISP, the user calls the ISP access phone number. Dialup is the slowest connection options, and is typically used by mobile workers and in areas where high speed connection option is not available.
DSL
provide better connections cepat.DSL also use phone lines, but unlike dialup access, DSL provides a continuous connection to the Internet. This connection option uses a special high-speed modem that separates the DSL signal from the telephone signal and provides an Ethernet connection to a host computer or LAN.
Cable modem
Cable modem connection is an option offered by cable television providers. Internet signal carried on the same coaxial cable that delivers cable television to homes and businesses. A special cable modem separates the Internet signal from other signals carried on cable and provides an Ethernet connection to a host computer or LAN.
Satellite
Satellite connection is the option offered by the satellite service provider. Computer users are connected via Ethernet to a satellite modem that transmits radio signals to the nearest Point of Presence in satellite networks.
Bandwidth is measured in bits per second (bps). Higher bandwidth speeds are measured in kilobits per second (kbps), megabits per second (Mbps), or gigabits per second (Gbps).
There are three main types of high-bandwidth connection options used by businesses:
T1 connections transmit data up to 1.544 Mbps. T1 connections are symmetrical, which means that the upload bandwidth is the same as the download bandwidth. A medium-sized businesses may only need one connection T1.E1 is the European standard that transmits data at 2.048 Mbps.
T3 connections transmit data up to 45 Mbps. Although much more expensive than a T1 connection, a larger business might require a T3 to accommodate the large number of karyawan.Perusahaan with some locations may use a combination of T1 lines and T3.E3 is the European standard that transmits data at 34.368 Mbps.
Metro Ethernet offers a variety of high bandwidth, including Gbps link. Large companies with many branches in the same city, such as banks, use Metro Ethernet. Metro Ethernet connects the main office location and all the branches using switched technology. Metro Ethernet allows the transfer of large amounts of data faster and cheaper than other high-bandwidth connection options.
Having this type of connection is established, it is necessary to connect to the ISP to gain access to these Internet.Masing computers and networks connected to the ISP business in POP.POPs located on the edge of the ISP network and serve geographic areas tertentu.Mereka provide a local point of connection and authentication ( password control) for multiple end users. An ISP may have many POPs, depending on the size of the POP and service areas.
Internet hierarchy
Internet has a hierarchical structure is the peak hirarkis.Pada ISP organization. ISP POPs connect to the Internet Exchange Point (IXP). In some countries, this is called Network Access Point (NAP). An IXP or NAP is where multiple ISPs cooperate to gain access to their respective networks and exchange information. There are currently more than 100 points, the major foreign currencies are located throughout the world.
The backbone of the Internet consists of a group of networks owned by different organizations and interconnected through IXPs connections and private peering.
The backbone of the Internet is like the super information highway that provides high-speed data link to connect the POPs and IXPs in major metropolitan areas throughout the main dunia.Media connecting optik.Kabel Internet backbone fiber cables are usually installed underground to connect cities in the optical fiber benua.Kabel also goes under the sea to connect the continents, countries, and cities.
ISPs are classified into different levels according to how they access the Internet backbone:
Tier 1 ISPs are top of the hierarchy. Tier 1 ISPs are large organizations that connect directly with each other via private peering, physically joining the respective backbone networks together to create a global Internet backbone. Within their own networks, a Tier 1 ISP has a router, high-speed data links, and other pieces of equipment that join them to other Tier 1 networks ISP.Ini including undersea cables connecting the continent.
Tier 2 ISP is the next level in terms of access backbone.Tier 2 ISP can also be very large, even extending in some countries, but very few have a network covering the entire continent or between benua.Untuk provide their customers with access to the global Internet, some Tier 2 ISPs pay Tier 1 ISPs to carry their traffic to other parts of the world. Some Tier 2 ISPs exchange traffic with other ISPs globally cheaper through public peering at IXPs. A large IXP may bring hundreds of ISP in central physical location for access to multiple networks via a joint.
Tier 3 ISPs are farthest from the bone punggung.Tier 3 ISPs are generally found in big cities and provide customers local access to Internet.Tier 3 ISPs pay Tier 1 and 2 ISPs for access to the global internet and internet services.
Using tools to map the Internet
The network utility to create a map of the various interconnections to visualize how ISPs interconnect jaringan.Utilitas also illustrates the speed at which each contact point can be achieved.
Ping command to test the accessibility of a specific IP address. The ping command sends a packet (Internet Control Message Protocol) ICMP echo request to the destination address and then waits for an echo reply packet to return from that host. ICMP is an Internet protocol that is used to verify communication.This measure the time between when the request packet to be sent and a response packet diterima.Output ping command indicates whether the response was received successfully and displays the round-trip time for transmission.
To use the ping command, enter the following command on the Cisco command-line interface (CLI) on the router prompt or Windows command prompt:
ping <ip address>
where <ip address> is the IP address of the destination device.
For example, ping 192.168.30.1.
If the package does not reach the destination, or if the delay encountered along the way, how can it be determined where the problem lies or through the router where packet has passed?
Traceroute utility displays the path that the packets take from the source to the destination host. Each router that the packet passes through is called hop. a Traceroute displays each hop along the way. It also calculates the time between when the packet is sent and when the reply received from the router at each hop.
If there is a problem, use the output of the traceroute utility to help determine where the packets lost or tertunda.Output ISP organizations also showed that the package had passed through during its journey from source to destination.
The Windows tracert utility works the same way. There are also a number of visual traceroute program that provides a graphical display of the route that the packets take.
ISP requirements
ISP requires a variety of devices to receive input from the end user and provide services. To participate in the transport network, the ISP should be able to connect to another ISP. ISPs should also be able to handle large volumes of traffic.
Some of the tools necessary to provide the service include:
-Access devices that enable end users to connect to your ISP, such as DSL Access Multiplexer (DSLAM) for DSL, Cable Modem Termination System (CMTS) for the cable modem for a dialup connection, or a wireless bridge equipment for wireless access.
-Border gateway router to allow ISP to connect and transfer data to other ISPs, IXPs, or large enterprise business customers.
-Server for things like email, network address assignment, web space, FTP hosting, and hosting of multimedia.
Power-conditioning equipment with a backup battery that is large enough to sustain if the main power grid fails.
Air-conditioning unit is a high capacity to maintain temperature control.
ISPs, like any other business, looking to expand so they can increase revenue mereka.Kemampuan to expand their business depends on getting new customers and sell more service.However, as the number of subscribers grows, the traffic on the network of the ISP is also growing.
Finally, the increased traffic may overload the network, causing the router errors, packet loss, and delay berlebihan.Dalam overloaded network, customers can wait minutes for web pages to load, or may even lose connection jaringan.Para customers may choose to switch to ISPs compete for better performance.
Losing customers directly translates into lost revenue for ISP.Untuk this reason, it is important that the ISP provides a reliable and scalable network.
Scalability is the capacity of the network to allow for future changes and growth. Scalable network can expand quickly to support new users and applications without affecting the performance of the services provided to existing users.
The most scalable devices are those that are modular and provides expansion slots for adding modules. Different modules can have different numbers of ports. In the case of the router chassis, the module also offers a choice of several different interfaces, allowing for the different connection options on the same chassis.
Roles RESPONSIBILITIS AND WITHIN IN ISP
ISP organizations consisting of many teams and departments are responsible for ensuring that the network operates smoothly and that the service is available.
Network support services are involved in all aspects of network management, including planning and provision of new equipment and circuits, adding new customers, repair and maintenance of the network, and customer service to network connectivity problems.
When a customer orders a new business ISP services, network support various services team works together to ensure that orders are processed correctly and that the network is ready to provide the service as soon as possible.
Each team of network support services have their own roles and responsibilities:
Customer Service receives orders from customers and ensure that the customer's specified requirements carefully inserted into the order tracking database.
Planning and Provisioning of new customers determine whether the existing network hardware and circuits and if the new circuit should be installed.
Installation at the site suggested the circuits and equipment to use, and then install them at the customer site.
Network Operations Center (NOC) monitors and tests the new connection and make sure it is done correctly.
Help Desk informed by the NOC when the circuit is ready for operation and then contact the customer to guide them through the process of setting up passwords and other account information as needed.
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